Proteins produced and secreted by the liver

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The liver plays the major role in producing proteins that are secreted into the blood, including major plasma proteins, factors in hemostasis and fibrinolysis, carrier proteins, hormones, prohormones and apolipoprotein:

Video Proteins produced and secreted by the liver

Major plasma proteins

• Human serum albumin, osmolyte and carrier protein
• ?-fetoprotein, the fetal counterpart of serum albumin
• Soluble plasma fibronectin, forming a blood clot that stops bleeding
• C-reactive protein, opsonin on microbes, acute phase protein
• Various other globulins

Maps Proteins produced and secreted by the liver

Factors in hemostasis and fibrinolysis

• Stimulators of coagulation:
  • All factors in the coagulation cascade. While the endothelium does produce some factor VIII, the majority of factor VIII is produced in the liver.
• Inhibitors of coagulation:, inactivate an enormous variety of proteinases
  • ?2-macroglobulin
  • ?1-antitrypsin
  • Antithrombin III
  • Protein S
  • Protein C
• Fibrinolysis:, breakdown of fibrin clots
  • plasminogen
• Inhibitors of fibrinolysis
  • ?2-antiplasmin
• Complement components C1-9, Complement component 3 (C3)

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Carrier proteins

• Albumin, carries thyroid hormones and other hormones, particularly fat soluble ones, fatty acids to the liver, unconjugated bilirubin, many drugs and Ca²⁺
• Ceruloplasmin, carries copper
• Transcortin, carries cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone
• Haptoglobin, carries free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes
• Hemopexin, carries free heme released from hemoglobin
• IGF binding protein, carries insulin-like growth factor 1
• Major urinary proteins, carries pheromones in rodents
• Retinol binding protein, carries retinol
• Sex hormone-binding globulin, carries sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol
• Thyroxine-binding globulin, carries the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)
• Transthyretin, carries the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4)
• Transferrin, carries iron ions in the ferric form (Fe³⁺)
• Vitamin D-binding protein, carries vitamin D

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Hormones

• Insulin-like growth factor 1, a polypeptide protein hormone which plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults
• Thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow
• Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that regulates iron homeostasis.

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Prohormones

• Angiotensinogen, when converted to angiotensin causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone, in effect increasing blood pressure

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Apolipoproteins

• Almost all apolipoprotein, except apo B48 (produced by intestine)

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References

General reference for the list of included substances (but not their functions):

• Table 45-4 in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. 

Other:

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